WHY THIS MATTERS IN BRIEF
If you were the President of the United States you wouldn’t want to have to waste time commuting, which is why a hypersonic Air Force One is now in the making.
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As more and more aviation companies and startups unveil plans for their next, or even first, hypersonic jets, from Boeing’s stunning concept to Reaction Engine’s revolutionary hypersonic SABRE engine, Hermeus, a Georgia based aviation startup, has announced it’s won a contract with the Presidential and Executive Airlift Directorate – the part of the US Air Force that manages Air Force One – to develop a Mach 5 hypersonic engine that could allow future US presidents to fly from New York to London in 90 minutes, instead of the 7 hours it takes today.
The Air Force made the investment after Hermeus demonstrated its Mach 5 engine, developed in just 9 months, back in February. The engine is a combined cycle turbofan design that fuses both a normal turbofan engine and ramjet into a single engine. A normal turbofan engine sucks in air from the front and pushes it, along with exhaust gases, out the rear to generate thrust. This generates enough thrust to drive an aircraft at subsonic speeds.
A ramjet engine, meanwhile, is specifically designed to “ram” greater amounts of air into the engine using the forward speed of the aircraft, allowing for greater thrust. A major problem is that ramjets don’t work at subsonic speeds, so most designs envision a separate engine or rocket booster as a first stage. This adds complexity and cost to any ramjet transportation project.
But an aircraft equipped with a combined cycle engine, on the other hand, can take off like a regular airplane from regular airports with the engine in subsonic turbofan mode. Once the aircraft is airborne, it could switch to ramjet mode, then back to turbofan mode to land. One combined cycle engine can work in either mode, negating the need for a separate engine or rocket booster.
Then there’s the matter of a ramjet’s air temperature. At high supersonic and low subsonic speeds, the air ingested by an engine gradually increases in temperature, and this hot air makes a ramjet engine less efficient. In its press release, Hermeus seems to indicate it’s solved this problem with a pre-cooler that chills the air before it enters the engine combustion chamber.
The company also claims it was able to achieve speeds faster than the famous SR-71 strategic reconnaissance aircraft with nothing more than a company modified off the shelf engine, which is impressive – although whether or not the engine could best the Blackbird’s replacement, the fully autonomous SR-72, a prototype of which flew recently, is questionable.
As an added benefit a turbojet/ramjet powered engine could also solve the problem of precision-guided missiles, like the Chinese DF-21 medium range ballistic missile, blasting nearby friendly air bases into rubble. A bomber, tanker, or even heavy fighter equipped with a combined cycle engine could take off from a more distant air force base, sprint into a combat theater in ramjet mode, and fly home in turbojet mode.
The big question is why the Air Force’s Presidential and Executive Airlift Directorate is funding the program. The Air Force is currently paying for the construction of two new Air Force One airplanes, specially modified Boeing 747s designed to carry the President of the United States and his or her entourage.
The new planes will be ready in 2024 and will probably fly for at least 30 years. That means replacements are already lined up, and there won’t be an opening for a new plane until 2054 or later. But, if the technology works, don’t be surprised if it makes it onto a completely newer plane before that.
