WHY THIS MATTERS IN BRIEF
Our future will be vastly different from today’s reality so students will need all the help they can get to make the most of it.
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The future will be vastly different to what’s come before, and in many cases it’s not only going to be challenging to navigate, but it’s also going to stretch our sense of humanity and self to the limits – especially as we near the fabled Singularity, the point in time circa 2045 when humanity and machines “merge.” As a consequence not only do we need new models of education, but also new ways of thinking which is just one of the many reasons why I created XPotential University and the world’s first futures curriculum for students.
IQ is often hailed as a crucial driver of success, particularly in fields such as science, innovation and technology. In fact, many people have an endless fascination with the IQ scores of famous people. But the truth is that some of humanity’s greatest achievements have primarily relied on qualities such as creativity, imagination, curiosity and empathy rather than stone cold logic.
Many of these traits are embodied in what scientists call “Cognitive Flexibility” – a skill that enables us to switch between different concepts, or to adapt our behaviours to achieve goals in a novel or changing environment.
It is essentially about “learning to learn” and “being able to be flexible about the way you learn.” This includes changing strategies for so called “optimal decision making.” It’s little wonder then that researchers around the world are trying to work out how people can best boost their cognitive flexibility.
Cognitive flexibility is the skill that gives us the ability to see that what we’re doing is not leading to success and to make the appropriate changes to achieve it. For example as an analogy, if you normally take the same route to work but there are now roadworks on your usual route, what do you do?
Some people remain rigid and stick to their original plan and just sit in the inevitable traffic jams. More cognitively flexible people though adapt to the unexpected event and problem solve to find a solution, and it’s this trait that will be crucial as we head into our increasingly complex and rapidly changing future.
Studies have also shown that cognitive flexibility affected how people coped with the pandemic lockdowns, which produced new challenges around work and schooling – some of us found it easier than others to adapt our routines to do many activities from home. Such flexible people may also have changed these routines from time to time, trying to find better and more varied ways of going about their day. Others, however, struggled and ultimately became more rigid in their thinking, sticking to the same routine activities with little flexibility or change.
Flexible thinking is also key to creativity, another key future skill. In other words, the ability to think of new ideas, make novel connections between ideas, and make new inventions. It also supports academic and work skills such as problem solving, and that said unlike working memory – how much you can remember at a certain time – creativity’s largely independent of IQ, or “Crystallised Intelligence.” For example, many visual artists may be of average intelligence but none the less they’re highly creative and have produced masterpieces.
Contrary to many people’s beliefs creativity is also important in science and innovation. For example, researchers have discovered that entrepreneurs who have created multiple companies are more cognitively flexible than others of a similar age and IQ.
So, does cognitive flexibility make people smarter in a way that isn’t always captured on IQ tests?
We know that it leads to better “Cold Cognition,” which is another term for non-emotional or rational thinking, throughout a persons life. For example, in children it leads to better reading abilities and better school performance.
It can also help protect against biases, such as confirmation bias. That’s because people who are cognitively flexible are better at recognising potential faults in themselves and using strategies to overcome these faults.
Cognitive flexibility is also associated with higher resilience to negative life events – of which there could be many in the future such as redundancies courtesy of increasing automation and so on – as well as better quality of life in older individuals. It can even be beneficial in emotional and social cognition – studies have shown that cognitive flexibility has a strong link to the ability to understand the emotions, thoughts and intentions of others.
The opposite of cognitive flexibility is cognitive rigidity, which is found in a number of mental health disorders including obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder and autism spectrum disorder.
Neuroimaging studies have shown that cognitive flexibility is dependent on a network of frontal and “striatal” brain regions. The frontal regions are associated with higher cognitive processes such as decision-making and problem solving. The striatal regions are instead linked with reward and motivation.
There are a number of ways to objectively assess people’s cognitive flexibility, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the CANTAB Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift Task.
The good news is that it seems you can train cognitive flexibility. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT), for example, is an evidence-based psychological therapy which helps people change their patterns of thoughts and behaviour. For example, a person with depression who has not been contacted by a friend in a week may attribute this to the friend no longer liking them. In CBT, the goal is to reconstruct their thinking to consider more flexible options, such as the friend being busy or unable to contact them.
Structure learning – the ability to extract information about the structure of a complex environment and decipher initially incomprehensible streams of sensory information – is another potential way forward. We know that this type of learning involves similar frontal and striatal brain regions as cognitive flexibility.
In a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and Nanyang Technological University, teams are currently working on a “real world” experiment to determine whether structural learning can actually lead to improved cognitive flexibility.
Studies so far have shown the benefits of training cognitive flexibility, for example in children with autism. After training cognitive flexibility, the children showed not only improved performance on cognitive tasks, but also improved social interaction and communication. In addition, cognitive flexibility training has been shown to be beneficial for children without autism and in older adults.
As we come out of the pandemic, we will need to ensure that in teaching and training new skills, people also learn to be cognitively flexible in their thinking. This will provide them with greater resilience and wellbeing in the future.
Cognitive flexibility is also essential for society to flourish. It can help maximise the potential of individuals to create innovative ideas and creative inventions. Ultimately, it is such qualities we need to solve the big challenges of today, including global warming, preservation of the natural world, clean and sustainable energy and food security.
