Nanoscale computer accurately controls the behaviour of cells for the first time

The creation of nanoscale computers, like the virus sized one I talked about years ago, which can be used in precision healthcare has long been a dream of many scientists and healthcare providers. Now, for the first time, researchers at Penn State have produced a nano-computing agent that can control the function of a particular protein that is involved in cell movement and cancer metastasis. The research paves the way for the construction of complex nanoscale computers for the prevention and treatment of cancer and other diseases.

Nikolay Dokholyan, G. Thomas Passananti Professor, Penn State College of Medicine, and his colleagues - including Yashavantha Vishweshwaraiah, postdoctoral scholar in pharmacology, Penn State - created a transistor-like 'logic gate,' which is a type of computational operation in which multiple inputs control an output.

"Our logic gate is just the beginning of what you could call cellular computing," he said, "but it is a major milestone because it demonstrates the ability to embed conditional operations in a protein and control its function, said Dokholyan. "It will allow us to gain a deeper understanding of human biology and disease and introduces possibilities for the development of precision therapeutics."

The team's logic gate comprised two sensor domains designed to respond to two inputs - light and the drug rapamycin. The team targeted the protein focal adhesion kinase (FAK) because it is involved in cell adhesion and movement, which are initial steps in the development of metastatic cancer.

"First, we introduced a rapamycin-sensitive domain, called uniRapr, which the lab had previously designed and studied, into the gene that encodes FAK," said Vishweshwaraiah. "Next, we introduced the domain, LOV2, which is sensitive to light. Once we optimised both domains, we combined them into one final logic-gate design."

The team inserted the modified gene into HeLa cancer cells and, using confocal microscopy, observed the cells in vitro. They studied the effects of each of the inputs separately, as well as the combined effects of the inputs, on the cells' behavior.

They discovered that not only could they rapidly activate FAK using light and rapamycin, but also that this activation resulted in the cells undergoing internal changes that enhanced their adhesive capabilities, which ultimately decreased their motility.

"We show for the first time that we can build a functioning nanoc-omputing agent within living cells that can control cell behavior," said Vishweshwaraiah. "We also discovered some interesting features of the FAK protein, such as the changes it triggers in cells when it is activated."

Dokholyan noted that the team hopes to eventually test these nano-computing agents in vivo within living organisms.